Even the Babies Are Some of the Most Dangerous
SURROGATE-MOM HOUSECAT GIVES Nativity TO ENDANGERED KITTEN
This kitten, built-in in 2011, is an endangered⃰ black-footed cat⃰, one of the first black-footed kittens born to a surrogate female parent, using frozen embryos and in vitro fertilization⃰. Now he and his littermate have a sister, Crystal, with the same genetic parents, but a different surrogate mom - a plain one-time housecat.
The African black-footed true cat is one of the world�s smallest felines, and the cats are tiny but vehement hunters⃰ - they tin can impale hares that outweigh them. They tin also range far from water, finding hydration from their prey and dew⃰ they lick off grass. But none of this full general feline badassery⃰ has kept the species from condign severely endangered - there are only 40 in captivity⃰ worldwide.
The Audubon Nature Institute in Louisiana, which bred Crystal and her brothers, is interested in using domestic cats as surrogates for a range of endangered and threatened kitties. These kittens might expect like any cute kitten, but it�southward pretty incredible to see 1 species requite birth to some other. How exactly these pregnancies⃰ work: Their similar sizes and gestation⃰ lengths appear to be what made the pregnancy and birth physically possible even though the genetic makeup of the kitten differed from the mother. They�re considered to exist of the same lineage. Somewhere dorsum a couple of million years agone, they�re descended from the same ancesto⃰r.
⃰endangered- ����������� ��� ������� ������������; black-footed cat- ���������� �����; fertilization- ��������������; trigger-happy hunter- �������� �������; in captivity- ������������ � ������; dew - ����; badassery- ������������� ��������������; gestation- ������ ������������; pregnancy- ������������; ancestor- ������;
TEXT 2
VET OPERATES ON GOLDFISH IN AUSTRALIA TO REMOVE LIFE-THREATENING TUMOR
A vet has performed intricate surgery on a dying goldfish in Commonwealth of australia, which was suffering from a life-threatening head tumor⃰. The 10-yr-old goldfish, named George, was admitted to an animal hospital in Melbourne past its owners, who were "quite attached" to the fish. Dr Tristan Rich, the vet, said the 45-infinitesimal performance on the 80-gram fish had been "quite fiddly⃰". He had offered the owners the option of attempting to remove the tumor or putting George to sleep; they chose the former.
"The fish was having trouble eating, getting around and he was getting bullied⃰ by other fish," said Dr Rich.
"Information technology was quite a big tumor � we had to scrape it off his skull. When information technology was all done we woke him up in a clean bucket of h2o ... he came through it swimmingly."
During the surgery, water from George's swimming was brought in buckets and fed into a tube through his oral fissure to go along his gills moisture. The fish was operated while under general anaesthetic, which was achieved by putting George in buckets of water laced⃰ with anaesthetic. The fish is expected to live some other 20 years.
⃰tumor -�������; fiddly- �����������; to bully - ����������; to lace ��������.
TEXT three
PETTING-INDUCED AGGRESSION OF CATS
It�southward a conundrum, for certain. One minute your beloved kitty is over the moon with pleasure as you lot scratch her favorite spot and the next affair you lot know you�re left staring at molar marks⃰ on your arm. Many pet owners call this common behavior �Dearest biting,� but feline behaviorists take given it a more formal proper name: Petting-induced aggression⃰ - and information technology�s a poorly understood topic. Typically, a friendly cat seeks out human attention, just to turn on his lavisher of attention once the amore seems to have gone on for as well long. Owners draw these cats equally irresolute from friendly to feral �like a light switch.� Despite the perplexing⃰ nature of this uniquely feline way of acting out, a couple of possibilities have been proposed to explain why cats might exercise this:
1. It may be a manifestation of so-chosen status-induced assailment, in which cats seek to control a state of affairs.
2. At that place may be some neurologically significant negative stimulus associated with being petted at length that affects these cats in particular.
iii. These cats may be particularly subtle at letting humans know when they�re unhappy, and then that their modify in attitude appears more sudden than information technology truly is.
Whatever the crusade, the skilful news is that this beliefs does not necessarily hateful you can�t interact with your cat meaningfully. Your veterinarian can coach⃰ you lot to recognize the very subtle⃰ warning signs associated with your cat�southward displeasure before information technology reaches the biting indicate.
⃰scratch � ��������, ��������; tooth marks � �������� �� �����; petting-induced aggression � ��������, ��������� ������; perplexing � �������������; subtle - ������, ������ ��������; to coach � �������.
TEXT 4
POLAR BEARS
Biologists estimate⃰ there are about 20 thousand polar bears in the world. They live in Canada, Russian federation, Greenland, Norway and Alaska. Unfortunately, the recent reports say that the population of polar bears is getting smaller. Two thirds of these wild creatures⃰ could disappear past mid-century. In May 2008, the U.S. listed the polar bear as a threatened⃰ species.
Polar bears love the Arctic climate, where winter temperatures can plunge⃰ to � 45C. Polar bears are protected past two layers of fur, which keep them warm. They as well accept a thick fat layer. In addition, their compact ears and small tails also prevent heat loss. In fact, polar bears have more issues with overheating than they practice from common cold � particularly when they run.
Polar bears depend on seal fatty, which is the highest calorie nutrient source⃰ possible. That�s why, a lot of polar bears live in areas where they tin hunt seals at openings in the body of water water ice. Greenhouse gases⃰ lead to rapid loss of sea water ice. Polar bear specialists say these water ice losses are the biggest danger to polar bear survival. If they can�t hunt seals they are endangered⃰.
Polar bears are correct at the top of the arctic nutrient chain⃰. They rest nature by preventing an overpopulation of the seals. Smaller seals are accessible⃰ to younger bears and females. Male bears hunt seals that are larger. Other types of food that polar bears may get there don�t provide them with all the fat they need, because of their massive body size.
Females give birth to their kickoff litter⃰ when they are between four and eight years quondam. The cubs announced in November and December in snow caves called motherhood dens⃰. These have the best conditions for modest cubs. Well-nigh mothers choose sites in snowdrifts⃰ along mountain slopes⃰ or hills. They try to choose favorable locations well-nigh the shore.
Polar bears have their ain proficient manners. For example, nose-to-nose greetings are a way a bear asks some other bear for something, such as food. When polar bears want to play, they commencement shaking their heads from side to side to attract others. Mother bears scold⃰ cubs with a low roar. Most often, polar bears use a combination of body language and song sounds to express their ideas.
⃰gauge - ���������; animate being - ��������; threatened � ����������� � ���������; plunge � ������; source - ��������; greenhouse gases � ���������� ����; endangered � ����������; nutrient chain � ������� �������; attainable - ���������; litter - ���������; maternity den � ������� ������; snowdrift - ������� �����; slope � �����; scold � ������.
TEXT five
GIANT PANDAS
Giant pandas are peaceful creatures with a characteristic black and white coat. They are adored⃰ past the world and are considered a national treasure⃰ in China.
The rarest fellow member of the carry family, pandas live in bamboo forests loftier in the mountains in Fundamental Cathay. These bamboo forests are cool and wet only equally pandas like information technology. Pandas once lived on lowland areas, just farming and wood clearing made them move to the mountains.
The giant panda has a body typical of bears. It has blackness fur on ears, muzzle⃰, legs and shoulders. The rest of the animal�s coat is white. The panda�s thick, wooly glaze keeps it warm in the cool forests. Although scientists exercise not know why these unusual bears are black and white, some suppose that such coloring provides effective camouflage⃰ and helps them hide in snowy and rocky mountains.
Giant pandas accept large teeth and stiff jaw muscles for burdensome tough bamboo. A wild giant panda�south diet is very simple. It�southward nearly only bamboo. They very rarely consume other grasses, small animals and birds. At the same time at the zoos, giant pandas are fed bamboo, sugar, rice, special biscuits, carrots, apples, and sweet potatoes. Millions of Zoo visitors enjoy watching giant pandas eat. A panda normally eats while sitting upright, in a pose that is like to how humans sit on the floor. Information technology�s a very funny sight. Children love it.
Many people find these heavy, clumsy⃰ animals very cute, but behemothic pandas can be very dangerous as any other comport. Also, these animals are splendid tree-climbers and swimmers despite their big weight.
The behemothic panda is listed as endangered⃰ in the Crimson List of Threatened Species. There are only about 1000 giant pandas left in the wild and mayhap 100 live in the zoos. Much of what nosotros know about pandas comes from the written report of the zoo animals, because pandas living in the wild like privacy and it�s non like shooting fish in a barrel to discover and study them.
⃰admire - �������; treasure - ���������; muzzle - �����; cover-up � ��������, ����������; clumsy - ���������; endangered � ����������, ����������.
TEXT six
SHARKS
Sharks are probably the most feared of all body of water animals. At that place are more than 360 kinds of sharks in the waters of the earth. But scientists say, only some species are dangerous to man. They live in oceans throughout the earth but are usually found in warm waters.
Sharks are remarkably successful animals. The outset sharks lived on our planet more 420 million years ago. They are fast and strong. They take very few parasites and are inappreciably ever ill. They have no enemies except other sharks.
Some people recollect that all sharks are big. Only some kinds of sharks are no bigger than your hand. The smallest shark is about xvi centimeters long and weighs about 28 grams. The biggest shark and the largest of all fish � is the whale shark. It may grow upwardly to 12 meters long and may weigh over xiv tons, over twice as much as an average African elephant!
The whale shark has three 1000 teeth but it volition never bite yous. It is quite harmless. It only eats tiny shrimps and fish. Different sharks have different habits. Some kinds live in the depths of the ocean and are very seldom seen. Others are found near the surface. A few species enter rivers and lakes. Scientists believe that one species, The Ganges River shark of Republic of india and Islamic republic of pakistan, lives only in the rivers.
Some sharks are loners, others like to gather in packs⃰. Blueish sharks are called the wolves of the ocean equally they always stay together in packs.
Nearly fish lay eggs. But virtually sharks don�t. Their babies are born alive and completely developed. They exercise not need parental care⃰. A baby shark is chosen a pup⃰. The pup of the great white shark is well-nigh the size of a man. Equally presently every bit they are born, the pups go their own way, as it�s not very safe to stay near a hungry mother.
A shark�s brain is small-scale but its teeth are large. It has many rows of teeth. When a tooth breaks off a new tooth moves up to have its place. In some species new teeth replace the rows of older ones as ofttimes as once a week. What do sharks eat with all these teeth? Fish and more than fish, other sharks, seals, turtles, venereal, most annihilation that swims in the sea. Sometimes sharks swallow things that are not nutrient. All these things have been institute inside big sharks: a wallet⃰, a drum⃰, a bottle of wine, a chest of jewels⃰ and a accommodate of armor⃰!
Practice sharks eat people? Yes, they do. If a person is near a shark, the shark may set on. Simply information technology doesn�t happen very often. Fewer than 100 shark attacks a year are reported throughout the world. However, specialists say, more people die from bee stings than from shark attacks. Sharks do not go hunting for people. Merely people do go hunting for sharks. And, then, people have to be careful. A shark may expect expressionless. Then of a sudden information technology can �wake upwardly� - and attack!
⃰pack � ����; pup � �������; parental intendance � ������������ ������; wallet ���������; drum � �������; breast of jewels � ����� � ���������������; accommodate of armor � ��������� �������.
TEXT 7
Fauna TEAMWORK
People work together for a simple reason � it makes difficult job easier. For similar reason, animals besides use teamwork. In animate being groups, each private works to help the group as a whole.
Some species adult intelligent ways of gathering food. Coastal bottlenose dolphins⃰ have adult a unique manner of catching fish, which requires extraordinary teamwork. The dolphins follow a school⃰ of fish until they are near a bank. So, they swim towards the fish creating a wave, which pushes the fish out of the h2o and onto the bank. The dolphins end up one-half out of the water lying on the bank where they eat the helpless fish. In lodge for this to work, each dolphin must blitz towards the bank at exactly the same time and the same speed, otherwise, the moving ridge won�t exist strong enough. How they determine, when to get and who gives the club in unknown, but a high level of advice definitely exists between them.
Animals can�t talk but some species have adult means of letting others know where food is. For example, if a bee finds nectar, information technology has two ways of informing its hive. It may create a trail⃰ with the scent⃰ of the nectar. When the other bees pick up the smell, they can follow information technology to the nectar. Or the bee may perform the �waggle⃰ dance�. The other bees understand what the dance means, and then they work every bit a team to collect the nectar.
Hunting can be difficult and even dangerous to ane beast. It also takes a lot of energy to kill prey, which is wasted, if the prey escapes. Hunting in packs makes predators more efficient. A pack of wolves, for instance, can kill a large animal such as a deer or moose⃰, while one wolf can kill only a modest animal. Wolf packs, which consist of two to twenty wolves, may surprise their prey or pursue it for hours before attacking it. If there are several animals that the pack follows, the pack will cull the weakest one because it volition take less effort to grab it. In the terminate, the wolves share the meat with each other.
Equally well every bit food, animals demand somewhere to live. Some animals merely move to the best place they can detect, but others build a dwelling for themselves. A particularly intelligent builder is the beaver⃰. Beavers live by rivers and streams and build dams⃰ to create pools of deep water, which help proceed their homes safe. The whole colony about five to six members, cooperates to create the dam with trees they�ve cut down using their sharp, long front teeth, then construct their domicile, which looks like a stick igloo.⃰
Animals also depend on each other to go on condom. For case, they might have a point that lets the group know when a threat is nearby. When an ant is crushed it releases a scent called �alarm pheromone�⃰ that signals to other ants to come to crushed pismire and assail the enemy. Larger animals may warn other animals in the grouping using sounds. Wolves, for example, will growl⃰ at annihilation that is threatening their pack, and get ready to attack. Wolves likewise warn each other of danger past barking.
Past living and working in groups, animals increment their chances of surviving in the wild. Studying a variety of creature group behaviour we can say for sure � teamwork works!
⃰bottlenose dolphins � ������� �������; a schoolhouse of fish � ����� ����; trail � ����; scent - ������; waggle dance � �������� ����� (� ����); moose � ������������ ����; beaver � �����; dam - �������; stick igloo ���� �� �����, �������; warning pheromone � ������� �������.
TEXT 8
VICTIMS OF REPUTATION
Bats are the most numerous and successful groups of mammals that take ever lived on world. Over 950 species are known to exist � that�southward ane quarter of all present 24-hour interval mammals. Bats accept spread to most every part of the world, from the Chill to the stormy southern tip of South America.
However, bats all over the world are under pressure⃰ from a fast growing human population. Loss in suitable places to alive, fall in food supply and environmental pollution⃰ are all making life increasingly difficult for many bat species.
Strangely, there are some wild creatures, which are in fact little or no threat to humans, but constantly disturb⃰ people by their presence and crusade irrational⃰ fear. Among them are such animals as cockroaches, spiders, mice and, mostly, bats. Exactly why bats should frighten and so many of us is hard to sympathize, but they do have so many of the characteristics that people seem to detect distressing in wild fauna.
They are pocket-size, fast-moving, capable of sudden changes in direction and active at nighttime. In improver to this, they have rapidly moving wings, an unpredictable⃰ mode of flying and a strange, frequently frightening appearance. Given these characteristics, and the fact that bats often notice suitable hiding places around man dwellings⃰, it is perhaps not surprising that human fears have been transformed into superstition⃰ and myth.
⃰force per unit area - ��������; environmental pollution � ����������� ���������� �����; disturb - ����������; irrational � ��������������, �����������; unpredictable - ���������������; human dwellings � ������������ �����; superstition � ������������.
TEXT 9
WHAT IS A FOOD Chain?
A nutrient chain shows the relationships between organisms which feed on each other. The starting time organism in the food chain cannot feed on other organisms and is chosen a producer⃰ because it makes its own food. Dark-green plants are an example of a producer. They apply photosynthesis, that is, the process of turning carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds using energy from the sun. These organic compounds are found in various parts of the plant such as the leaves, fruit, and roots, and are source of energy for the organism in the next pace in the chain, a consumer.
Consumers are mostly animals and humans who swallow the products of photosynthesis. Examples of this are sheep eating grass, and birds eating seeds. Consumers are classified depending on their place in the chain. For case, when humans eat vegetables, they are primary consumers⃰. In other words, they are straight eating a production of photosynthesis. When they consume meat, they are secondary consumers⃰. Consumers may as well be divided into groups according to what they swallow: herbivores, which eat only plant or found products; carnivores, which consume animals; and omnivores, which eat both plant and animals.
The transfer of energy from one species to another can occur several times, but eventually the concatenation ends. When the terminal consumer dies, its body is broken downwards into uncomplicated molecules by decomposers⃰ such as leaner and fungi, in the final steps of the concatenation. These molecules are returned to the soil, where they are used by plants, and the food concatenation begins again.
To summarize, a nutrient chain shows that every organism is dependent⃰ on another for its source of energy, and in turn acts every bit a nutrient source for the adjacent organism in the chain.
⃰consumer � �����: ���������; main consumer � ��������� ������� �������; decomposer - ��������; dependent � ���������.
TEXT 10
HACHIKOIn 1924, Hidesaburo Ueno, a professor in the agriculture section at the Academy of Tokyo, took Hachiko, a golden chocolate-brown Akita⃰, as a pet. During his owner's life, Hachiko greeted him at the end of each day at the nearby Shibuya Station. The master and the canis familiaris continued their daily routine until May 1925, when Professor Ueno did not return. The professor had suffered a cognitive hemorrhage⃰ and died, never returning to the train station where Hachiko was waiting. Each twenty-four hours for the next nine years, 9 months and fifteen days, Hachiko awaited Ueno'southward render, appearing precisely when the railroad train was due at the station. Hachiko attracted the attention of commuters⃰. Many of the people who frequented the Shibuya train station had seen Hachiko and Professor Ueno together each twenty-four hour period. Initial reactions from the people, especially from those working at the station, were not necessarily friendly. However, afterwards the first advent of the article about him on October 4, 1932, people started to bring Hachiko nutrient and took intendance of him during his wait.
In April 1934, a statuary statue to Hachiko was erected⃰ at Shibuya Station, and Hachiko himself was present at its unveiling⃰. Hachiko died on March 8, 1935. His body was cremated and his ashes⃰ were buried side by side to his master.
⃰Akito � ������ ������; cognitive hemorrhage � ������������� � ����; commuter - ��������; was erected � ��� ���������� (� ���������, ������); unveiling � ������������� �������� ���������; ashes � ���� (����� ��������).
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1. �������� �.�. ���������� ���� ��� �������������� ����������� � �������������. � �.: ������������ ����� ����������, 2008.
2. ���� �., ����� �. ������� �������� ������� ������������ ��������. �., ������, 2007. � 512�.
3. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians. Saunders, 2013.
iv. The Merck/Merial Manual for Pet Health. Merck, 2007.
5. Nicke 50., Schummer A. The Viscera of the Domestic Mammals. Berlin, 19731997.
half-dozen. Pinney Chris C. The Complete Domicile Veterinary Guide. - New York, 2004.
vii. Sebastiani A.M., Fishbeck D.W. Mammalian Anatomy. The True cat. Colorado, 2005.
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Smallholder
Your Cat mag
Catworld
Poultry mag
Dogs
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www.telegraph.co.uk/
www.smallholder.co.united kingdom
www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Pages/Certificates-of-Veterinary-Inspection.aspx
www.oregon.gov/ODA/AHID/pages/animal_health/cvi.aspx
CONTENTS
Unit one. I AM A Educatee OF THE STATE University
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE......................................... 3
Unit of measurement ii. THE SKELETON �............................................................... 16
Unit of measurement 3. THE MUSCLES �.............................................26
Unit 4. Creature Diet �.........................................35
Unit 5. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM �...................................................... 49
Unit of measurement 6. TISSUES �............................................................................ 63
Unit vii. RESPIRATORY Arrangement �.............................................. 72
Unit eight. CIRCULATORY (CARDIOVASCULAR) Organization �... 81
Unit 9. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM �.............................................. 91
Reader �................................................................................. 101
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